Drinking wine is part of many cultures. However, when it comes to pregnancy, the subject becomes sensitive. For several years now, science has been studying the impact of alcohol on pregnancy, with results that are sometimes misunderstood by the general public.
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What scientific research shows about alcohol during pregnancy
Many studies have been carried out on wine consumption during pregnancy. Their main aim is to identify potential risks to the fetus. Since the 1970s, several studies have established a link between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and developmental disorders in the child.
These disorders can be grouped together under the name of fetal alcohol syndrome. They include growth retardation, facial abnormalities and cognitive impairment. Even small amounts can cause lasting effects. The researchers emphasize that there is no clearly defined safety threshold.
The position of health authorities
The WHO, French authorities and European health agencies are unanimous. They all recommend total abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. This position is based on the precautionary principle. Since there is no known risk-free quantity, it is best to avoid all alcoholic beverages, even in moderation.
The messages are clear: "Zero alcohol during pregnancy". This includes wine, even in small doses or on special occasions.
And red wine? Less dangerous than other alcohols?
Some preconceived ideas suggest that red wine is less risky than strong spirits. In reality, the danger comes from ethanol, present in all alcoholic beverages. Whether it's wine, beer or spirits, the effects on the foetus depend on the quantity of pure alcohol ingested, not on the type of beverage.
Studies do not distinguish between drinks. They always talk about alcohol in pregnancy studies, with no specific mention of wine. So don't be fooled into thinking that a glass of red wine is more harmless than any other beverage.
Studies on moderate drinking
Some research has attempted to assess the effects of light wine consumption during pregnancy. The results are sometimes nuanced. Some studies have shown no major consequences in children exposed to very low doses.
However, these studies often suffer from methodological bias. Sample sizes are small, responses are based on self-reporting, and other factors may influence child development. As a result, researchers prefer not to draw reassuring conclusions from these data.
Risks for mother and child
The risks of wine during pregnancy concern both mother and fetus. For pregnant women, alcohol can impair sleep, raise blood pressure and increase nausea. It also increases the chances of miscarriage or premature delivery.
In babies, even low consumption during pregnancy can disrupt brain development. The fetus does not metabolize alcohol in the same way as an adult. The developing liver cannot rapidly eliminate ethanol. As a result, wine can circulate in the fetus' blood for longer, with direct effects on its organs.
Cases of involuntary consumption
Some women learn of their pregnancy after several weeks. During this time, they may have consumed alcohol without knowing it. Is this a cause for concern?
Specialists advise against panic. Occasional consumption before pregnancy is known does not mean that damage is certain. However, it is important to stop using immediately once pregnancy has been confirmed.
The cultural dimension: social pressure and tradition
In some cultures, wine occupies an important social position. We toast to announce a pregnancy, to celebrate an event, or simply to share a moment. It can be difficult to refuse a glass in this context.
But it's still important to put the baby's health first. Explaining that alcohol is totally avoided during pregnancy is enough. People around you generally understand this decision.
The role of applications and digital monitoring
Modern tools help you manage your health during pregnancy. You can log your meals, track your symptoms, or consult reliable articles. For wine lovers, these apps can offer recommendations for pregnancy.
They also remind us that wine cellar management does not necessarily mean wine tasting. Some mothers-to-be continue to age their bottles without touching them, until the pregnancy is over.
Wine after pregnancy
Once pregnancy is over, the question of wine consumption during breastfeeding arises. Here again, experts recommend extra vigilance. Alcohol passes into breast milk. It is therefore advisable to wait two to three hours after a glass before breast-feeding.
The alternative is to express milk before drinking, or give a bottle in the meantime. Here again, moderation and organization are the watchwords.
Better information for women
The link between wine and pregnancy remains a delicate subject. Many women are still unaware of the risks, or think that a small glass is of no consequence. Prevention campaigns are still necessary.
Messages must remain clear, without judgment. Information must be passed on without making people feel guilty. Because it's only with a good knowledge of the facts that decisions can be taken calmly.
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